It begins in plain sight — on the tongue, the cheek, the gums. Yet oral cancer, one of the few cancers that can be detected by a simple examination of the mouth, continues to be diagnosed far too late in India.Nearly 70 to 80 per cent of oral cancer patients in the country are identified only at advanced stages, when chances of survival drop sharply. While early-stage oral cancer has a five-year survival rate of over 80 per cent, late-stage disease pushes survival below 30 per cent. India today accounts for almost one-third of the world’s oral cancer burden, turning a largely preventable disease into a silent public health crisis.Doctors say the problem is delay. Patients typically take three to seven months from first noticing symptoms to reaching a specialised cancer centre. Early lesions are often painless, small, and easily ignored. A minor ulcer, a white patch, or slight discomfort while chewing is dismissed, especially among tobacco users, until the disease progresses beyond easy cure.“Oral cancer outcomes change dramatically with early screening,” says Dr Sultan A Pradhan, Surgical Oncologist at the Head &Neck Cancer Institute of India. Organised screening programmes, he says, can reduce mortality by 24 to 30 percent by detecting precancerous lesions early. Mobile screening units and community cancer camps have already shown that timely identification can stop cancer before it turns fatal.The risk factors are well known. More than 90 percent of oral cancer cases in India are linked to tobacco use, particularly smokeless forms such as gutka, khaini, and betel nut. Alcohol further increases the risk. Doctors are also reporting a gradual rise in HPV-related oral cancers among younger patients with no history of tobacco use, expanding the risk beyond traditional groups.Specialised hospitals play a crucial role once patients enter the system, combining early detection pathways with advanced surgery, reconstruction, and team-based care. But clinicians emphasise that even the best technology cannot fully offset the damage caused by late diagnosis. Oral cancer remains one of the few cancers where awareness and timely referral save more lives than any single drug or machine.At the same time, cancer care is moving beyond what scans can show. Dr Shrinidhi Nathany, Consultant Molecular Hematologist and Oncologist at Fortis Memorial Research Institute, explains that tumours smaller than five millimetres often escape detection on CT or PET scans. Blood-based tests that analyse circulating tumour DNA, or ctDNA, can detect biologically active disease, early relapse, and treatment resistance months before scans reveal any change.In the Indian context, where repeated imaging is expensive and often inaccessible, such tests could help reduce unnecessary scans and ineffective treatments. Used carefully, genomics may lower overall costs while enabling more precise, timely care.Oral cancer does not hide. It appears in the open. The tragedy is not that it cannot be seen, but that it so often is not looked at in time, said experts.
